Cancer is a major health concern for women, with certain types being more prevalent than others. Understanding the risks, symptoms, and early detection methods can help in prevention and timely treatment. Below are the four most common types of cancer affecting women:

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1. Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer. It originates in the endometrial lining of the uterus and is more likely to develop as women age. Certain factors that affect estrogen levels, such as taking estrogen without progesterone or using Tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment, can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.

Risk Factors:

• Early menstruation or late menopause
• History of infertility or never having children
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity
• Family history of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome
• History of breast or ovarian cancer

Symptoms:

The most common early symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which may include:

• Heavy menstrual bleeding
• Bleeding between periods
• Postmenopausal bleeding

Early Detection:

The American Cancer Society recommends regular gynecological check-ups, especially if you experience abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding. Early detection increases the chances of successful treatment and lowers the risk of recurrence.

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2. Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women, accounting for 12% of all female cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths after breast cancer. The average age of diagnosis is between 48-52 years. According to 2020 cancer statistics, over 9,000 new cases of cervical cancer were reported in Vietnam, with more than 3,000 deaths. Most women only seek medical attention in the late stages of the disease.

Symptoms:

Cervical cancer often develops silently, with no noticeable symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, the following signs may appear:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding, not related to menstruation or occurring after intercourse
• Unusual vaginal discharge with a foul odor
• Pelvic pain
• Pain during urination

Early Detection:

• Regular Pap Smear Tests: Women should undergo a Pap smear test every 1-3 years to detect precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix.
• HPV Testing: Since 70% of cervical cancer cases are caused by HPV strains 16 and 18, an HPV test can identify high-risk infections early.
• HPV Vaccination: Getting vaccinated against HPV can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

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3. Breast Cancer

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 8 women worldwide will develop breast cancer during their lifetime. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, particularly in developed countries. However, if detected early, the survival rate is 90%, and if the cancer has not spread beyond the breast, the survival rate is 100%.

Risk Factors:

• Family history of breast cancer (mother, sister, or daughter)
• Obesity and overweight
• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption

Symptoms:

• Breast pain or tenderness
• Swelling, hardness, or changes in breast shape
• Lumps in the breast or underarm
• Nipple discharge (clear or bloody)

Early Detection:

• Monthly breast self-exams to check for lumps or changes
• Annual mammograms for women over 40 or earlier if at high risk
• Genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in women with a strong family history

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4. Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer after cervical cancer. It is often diagnosed at a late stage due to its vague symptoms. According to Globocan 2020, there were 313,959 new ovarian cancer cases worldwide, with 207,252 deaths. In Vietnam, over 1,400 new cases and 923 deaths were reported.

Who Is at Risk?

• Family history of ovarian or breast cancer
• Women going through menopause
• Genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2

Symptoms:

Ovarian cancer is difficult to detect early because symptoms often resemble other conditions, including:

• Indigestion, bloating, and frequent gas
• Chronic fatigue and loss of appetite
• Frequent urination
• Abdominal discomfort or pain
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Unexplained weight loss

Why Early Detection Is Crucial?

In early-stage ovarian cancer, symptoms are mild or absent, making regular gynecological check-ups essential. As the tumor grows, symptoms become more severe, and by the time of diagnosis, the cancer may have spread beyond the ovaries, making treatment more difficult.

Early Detection Methods:

• Pelvic exams and ultrasounds
• CA-125 blood tests to detect tumor markers
• Genetic testing for BRCA mutations in high-risk individuals

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Conclusion

Cancer is a serious health threat, but early detection can save lives. Women should prioritize regular screenings, healthy lifestyle choices, and preventive care to lower their cancer risk. If you experience unusual symptoms, consult a doctor immediately for further evaluation.